Edward Eugene YOUNG, Sr., Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
Ashbel T. WALL, individually and in his capacity as the Director of the Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Defendant, Appellee.

*51 Andrew B. Prescott, with whom Gauri A. Patil and Nixon Peabody LLP were on brief, for appellant.

Thomas A. Palombo, Assistant Attorney General, with whom Patrick C. Lynch, Attorney General, was on brief, for appellee.

Before BOUDIN, Circuit Judge, SOUTER,^[*] Associate Justice, and SELYA, Circuit Judge.

SELYA, Circuit Judge.

This appeal requires us to determine whether a prison's unilateral suspension of its internal policy of paying interest on inmate accounts violated the constitutional rights of an affected inmate. The district court thought not. Weighing in on an issue that has split the circuits, we conclude that prison inmates lack a constitutionally protected property right in interest not yet paid. Accordingly, the defendant was at liberty to abrogate the policy prospectively.

The material facts are not in dispute. By statute, Rhode Island authorizes inmates to pursue gainful, in-prison employment while incarcerated. R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-56-22. Their wages are deposited into inmate accounts maintained by the Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC).

RIDOC places twenty-five percent of an inmate's earnings (up to a maximum of $1,000) into what is known as an "encumbered account." This sum is retained until the inmate's release, at which time it is tendered to him. Id. § 42-56-22(a). The balance of the inmate's earnings is deposited in what is known as an "available account." That account may be supplemented through other sources (e.g., gifts from family and friends). An inmate has the option of transferring any unencumbered funds to a commercial bank account.

Despite the nomenclature, there are limits on what an inmate may do with the money in his available account. In accordance with Policy No. 2.17 (the Policy), some uses are permitted (e.g., purchasing items at the prison commissary) and others are prohibited (e.g., purchasing proscribed merchandise). Inmates also are prohibited from making cash withdrawals.

There is a set procedure for transferring funds from inmate accounts for approved expenditures.^[1] Inmates get monthly statements detailing their transactions and confirming their account balances.

In bygone days, the funds in the individual inmate accounts were pooled and invested. Any return on this investment was then allocated to individual inmate accounts based on average daily balances. The Policy memorialized the practice of crediting interest, stipulating that interest on funds in inmate accounts would "accrue [] to the depositing inmates in an equitable fashion." It is the putative right to the *52 continued accrual of interest that is at the epicenter of this appeal.

In 2001, RIDOC decided to outsource management of a wide swath of back-room systems. Comments from prospective vendors prompted RIDOC to reevaluate the feasibility of paying interest on inmate accounts. As a result, the pooling arrangement was scrapped and, on June 1, 2002, RIDOC stopped paying interest. A few weeks later, RIDOC posted notices advising of this change in practice throughout the prison. A similar notice appeared in the prison newsletter.

During August, RIDOC formally suspended those provisions of the Policy that addressed interest on inmate accounts. Withal, it was not until May 6, 2003, that RIDOC promulgated a new policy, which stated explicitly that no interest would accrue on funds held in inmate accounts.

This about-face troubled plaintiff-appellant Edward Eugene Young, Sr., who was incarcerated at the prison both before and after the policy changed. While serving his sentence, he had performed various jobs for which he was paid; RIDOC had deposited his earnings in inmate accounts; and RIDOC had paid him interest until June 1, 2002 (when it stopped paying interest on inmate accounts). The plaintiff learned about this reversal of position on or about June 20, 2002.

Nearly a year later, the plaintiff sued RIDOC's director, individually and in his official capacity. It would serve no useful goal to track the tortuous travel of the case—including the morphing of the original action into a second action—as it wended its way through the district court. Suffice it to say that, after several years of legal wrangling, the case narrowed for all practical purposes to two federal claims: (i) that the denial of interest constituted an unconstitutional taking of the plaintiff's property and (ii) that RIDOC's failure to afford the plaintiff notice and an opportunity to be heard before abandoning the practice of accruing interest violated his right to procedural due process.^[2] In a series of rulings, the district court dismissed the taking claim, see, e.g., Young v. Wall, 359 F. Supp. 2d 84, 94 (D.R.I.2005), and granted summary judgment for the defendant on the due process claims, see Young v. Wall, No. 07-34, 2010 WL 2553572, at *3 (D.R.I. June 18, 2010). This timely appeal ensued.

In this court, as in the district court, the plaintiff claims that RIDOC's decision to stop paying interest on inmate accounts amounted to both an unconstitutional taking and a due process violation. That the district court disposed of the former claim on a motion to dismiss, Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), and the latter claim on summary judgment, Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, is of no particular moment; after all, the material facts are uncontroverted and the appeal turns on questions of law.

Our review is de novo. See Ungar v. Palestine Lib. Org., 599 F.3d 79, 83 (1st Cir.2010); ConnectU LLC v. Zuckerberg, 522 F.3d 82, 91 (1st Cir.2008). In this undertaking, we are not wedded to the district court's reasoning but may affirm its rulings on any ground made manifest by the record. See InterGen N.V. v. Grina, 344 F.3d 134, 141 (1st Cir.2003); Houlton Citizens' Coal. v. Town of Houlton, 175 F.3d 178, 184 (1st Cir.1999).

Our inquiry is simplified because both of the plaintiff's claims hinge on the existence vel non of a property right in the accrual *53 of interest on inmate accounts. As we explain below, the plaintiff lacks such a right. Consequently, his claims fail.

It is axiomatic that "the Constitution protects rather than creates property interests." Phillips v. Wash. Legal Found., 524 U.S. 156, 164, 118 S. Ct. 1925, 141 L. Ed. 2d 174 (1998). This means that a court charged with determining the existence of a constitutionally protected property interest must look to "existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law." Bd. of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 33 L. Ed. 2d 548 (1972). Some such source must give rise to a "legitimate claim of entitlement" to the property in question. Centro Medico del Turabo, Inc. v. Feliciano de Melecio, 406 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir.2005) (quoting Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, 92 S. Ct. 2701). A unilateral expectation, by itself, is not sufficient to create a constitutionally protected property interest. Webb's Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith, 449 U.S. 155, 161, 101 S. Ct. 446, 66 L. Ed. 2d 358 (1980); URI Student Senate v. Town of Narragansett, 631 F.3d 1, 11 (1st Cir.2011).

In this instance, the plaintiff posits that state law creates the requisite claim of entitlement three times over. In the pages that follow, we explore the three avenues to which he alludes: common law, statutory law, and policy and practice. Each proves to be a dead end.

Before embarking on this odyssey, we pause to explain that this case is not about either principal or interest previously credited to inmate accounts. It is clear beyond hope of contradiction that an inmate has a property interest in the balances held in his accounts. See Reynolds v. Wagner, 128 F.3d 166, 179 (3d Cir.1997) (collecting cases). This case is about interest not yet credited to an inmate's account.

The plaintiff's reliance on state common law as a source of his supposed property right is mislaid. He notes that he had a property right in the principal balances in his inmate accounts and adds that, at common law, interest follows principal. See Phillips, 524 U.S. at 165, 118 S. Ct. 1925; Webb's Fabulous Pharmacies, 449 U.S. at 162, 101 S. Ct. 446. In his view, the combination of these two facts signifies that he has a legitimate claim of entitlement to interest on an ongoing basis. We do not agree.

The most jagged rent in the fabric of the plaintiff's argument is his failure to recognize the highly idiosyncratic context that prison presents. Although criminals do not forfeit all of their constitutional rights upon conviction and incarceration, Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 555-56, 94 S. Ct. 2963, 41 L. Ed. 2d 935 (1974), they traditionally enjoy a more modest constellation of rights than other persons. See, e.g., Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 91, 93, 107 S. Ct. 2254, 96 L. Ed. 2d 64 (1987); Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 525-26, 104 S. Ct. 3194, 82 L. Ed. 2d 393 (1984); French v. Butterworth, 614 F.2d 23, 24 (1st Cir.1980). This distinction has particular force when it comes to property rights. See Givens v. Ala. Dep't of Corr., 381 F.3d 1064, 1068 (11th Cir.2004) (explaining that "[a]lthough non-inmates enjoyed an assortment of property rights at common law, inmates did not"); see also Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663, 682, 94 S. Ct. 2080, 40 L. Ed. 2d 452 (1974); United States v. 221 Dana Ave., 239 F.3d 78, 90 n. 16 (1st Cir.2001).

At common law, prison inmates possessed no right to profit from their labors; they could be compelled to work without any recompense. See Washlefske v. Winston, 234 F.3d 179, 184-85 (4th Cir.2000) (holding that a policy of non-payment "would not violate any traditional principle *54 of property law"). Rhode Island common law echoes this theme. See Anderson v. Salant, [38 R.I. 463] 96 A. 425, 432 (R.I. 1916); see also R.I. Council 94 v. State, 714 A.2d 584, 592 (R.I.1998) (acknowledging that "[e]mployment of prisoners at hard labor existed before the adoption of the Rhode Island Constitution"). The reported decisions of the Rhode Island courts do not offer the slightest indication that the common law creates a property right enabling inmates to demand interest on RIDOC-held accounts. We conclude, therefore, that the common law does not spawn the property right that the plaintiff envisions.

To be sure, this conclusion is at odds with the holding in Schneider v. Cal. Dep't of Corr., 151 F.3d 1194, 1201 (9th Cir. 1998). But two other courts of appeals have rejected the Ninth Circuit's reasoning, see Givens, 381 F.3d at 1068-69; Washlefske, 234 F.3d at 186, and we share their view. The Schneider court mechanically applied the mantra that interest follows principal without giving due weight to the truncation of prisoners' property rights that is characteristic of the common law. We think that this limitation easily tips the balance.

State statutory law proves no more accommodating to the plaintiff's cause. The pertinent provision allows an inmate to receive a modest wage for his labors. See R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-56-22(a) (stating that inmates "may be permitted to labor in the discretion of the director . . . and in that case may be paid not more than three dollars [per] day"). To that extent, the statute creates a limited property right in inmate wages, once paid, that did not exist at common law.^[3] The statute is silent, however, on the subject of interest. This silence undermines the plaintiff's claim that the statute creates a parallel property right in interest on inmate accounts. See Givens, 381 F.3d at 1070; Washlefske, 234 F.3d at 185.

In an effort to resist this conclusion, the plaintiff notes that the language of the Rhode Island statute differs from the language of the state statutes considered in Givens and Washlefske, respectively. This is true as far as it goes, but it does not take the plaintiff very far.

Specifically, the plaintiff points to language in section 42-56-22 making clear that encumbered funds are the prisoner's property and are "to be turned over to the prisoner" upon his release. But this language refers only to principal balances, not to any as-yet-uncredited interest. The difference in wording, then, is of no assistance to the plaintiff.

The last avenue that the plaintiff pursues in search of a property right features a claim that the Policy and RIDOC's practice under it resulted in a shared understanding that interest would accrue on inmate accounts.

The basic premise on which this line of argument rests—that a state's policies and practices can underpin a constitutionally protected property interest—is correct. See, e.g., Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 221-22, 125 S. Ct. 2384, 162 L. Ed. 2d 174 (2005); Wolff, 418 U.S. at 556-58, 94 S. Ct. 2963; Givens, 381 F.3d at 1069; cf. Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 603, 92 S. Ct. 2694, 33 L. Ed. 2d 570 (1972) (concluding that a plaintiff "must be given an opportunity to prove the legitimacy of his claim of such entitlement in light of the policies and practices of the institution") (quotation omitted). But careful perscrutation discloses that this premise is inapposite here.

*55 To begin, the Policy reflected an act of administrative generosity, authorizing RIDOC to pay interest for so long as the Policy was in effect. It did not, however, obligate RIDOC to follow that course indefinitely. A policy, once implemented, need not be continued in perpetuity but, rather, in the absence of special circumstances (say, detrimental reliance), may be modified or abandoned prospectively. See, e.g., Bova v. City of Medford, 564 F.3d 1093, 1097 (9th Cir.2009) (explaining that the city may alter or abandon retirement policy); Biggers v. Wittek Indus., Inc., 4 F.3d 291, 295 (4th Cir.1993) (holding that employer was under no obligation to continue severance benefits policy). This principle applies with full force in the prison context. See Murphy v. Shaw, 49 Fed. Appx. 711, 714 (9th Cir.2002); Clark v. Perego, 39 F.3d 320 (5th Cir.1994) (table). It follows that RIDOC was under no continuing obligation to pay interest on inmate accounts.

The short of it is that RIDOC met its obligations under the Policy for as long as the Policy remained in effect. It accrued interest on inmate accounts until it abandoned the Policy and changed its preexisting practice. The plaintiff received that interest.

When RIDOC halted this practice, it did so prospectively and uniformly. Hence, the plaintiff was treated the same as every other similarly situated inmate. He was not singled out and excluded from the operation of a general policy or practice that continued in force. This distinguishes the case at bar from those cases in which a continuing policy or practice has been deemed sufficient to create a constitutionally protected property interest. See, e.g., Perry, 408 U.S. at 602-03, 92 S. Ct. 2694; Concepcíon Chaparro v. Ruíz-Hernández, 607 F.3d 261, 265 (1st Cir.2010); cf. Dasey v. Anderson, 304 F.3d 148, 161 (1st Cir. 2002) (finding no property interest where employer's custom and practice did not provide employee with "reasonable expectation of continued employment"); Rosario-Torres v. Hernández-Colón, 889 F.2d 314, 319-20 (1st Cir.1989) (en banc) (similar).

That ends this aspect of the matter. We hold that RIDOC's forward-looking change in policy and practice did not deprive the plaintiff of any constitutionally protected property right.

As a fallback, the plaintiff suggests that he was entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard before RIDOC could effectuate the change in its policy and practice. See, e.g., Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 542, 105 S. Ct. 1487, 84 L. Ed. 2d 494 (1985); Roth, 408 U.S. at 570 n. 7, 92 S. Ct. 2701. This suggestion puts the cart before the horse.

With exceptions not relevant here, the Due Process Clause requires notice and an opportunity to be heard when a state seeks to deprive a person of a property interest. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 542, 105 S. Ct. 1487; Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 263, 90 S. Ct. 1011, 25 L. Ed. 2d 287 (1970). But where, as here, there is no property interest, that procedural prophylaxis is not required.

We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above, we affirm the entry of judgment in favor of the defendant.

Affirmed.

NOTES

[*] Hon. David H. Souter, Associate Justice (Ret.) of the Supreme Court of the United States, sitting by designation.

[1] The details of this procedure are not relevant to the issues on appeal.

[2] Along the way, the plaintiff raised a gallimaufry of state-law claims, none of which is implicated in this appeal.

[3] We say "limited" because there are formidable restrictions on an inmate's ability to use his money. See Givens, 381 F.3d at 1069; Washlefske, 234 F.3d at 185.